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<title>Fall factor</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Fall factor</span></span>

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<p>In <a href="Lead_climbing" title="Lead climbing">lead climbing</a> using a <a href="Dynamic_rope" title="Dynamic rope">dynamic rope</a>, the <b>fall factor</b> (<i><b>f</b></i>) is the ratio of the height (<i>h</i>) a climber falls before the climber's rope begins to stretch and the rope length (<i>L</i>) available to absorb the energy of the fall,

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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f={\frac {h}{L}}.}</annotation>

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</math></span><img src="./e0e214ce10e66f880bce26a4e99640ecbb0f76c0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:7.443ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f={\frac {h}{L}}.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>

<p>It is the main factor determining the violence of the forces acting on the climber and the gear.

</p><p>As a numerical example, consider a fall of 20 feet that occurs with 10 feet of rope out (i.e., the climber has placed no protection and falls from 10 feet above the <a href="Belaying" title="Belaying">belayer</a> to 10 feet below—a factor 2 fall). This fall produces far more force on the climber and the gear than if a similar 20 foot fall had occurred 100 feet above the belayer. In the latter case (a fall factor of 0.2), the rope acts like a bigger, longer rubber band, and its stretch more effectively cushions the fall.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sizes_of_fall_factors">Sizes of fall factors</h2></div>

<p>The smallest possible fall factor is zero. This occurs, for example, in top-rope a fall onto a rope with no slack. The rope stretches, so although <i>h</i>=0, there is a fall.

</p><p>When climbing from the ground up, the maximum possible fall factor is 1, since any greater fall would mean that the climber hit the ground.

</p><p>In <a href="Multi-pitch_climbing" title="Multi-pitch climbing">multi-pitch climbing</a> (and <a href="Big_wall_climbing" title="Big wall climbing">big wall climbing</a>), or in any climb where a leader starts from a position on an exposed ledge well above the ground, a fall factor in <a href="Lead_climbing" title="Lead climbing">lead climbing</a> can be as high as 2. This can occur only when a lead climber who has placed no <a href="Protection_(climbing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Protection (climbing)">protection</a> falls past the belayer (two times the distance of the rope length between them), or the anchor if the climber is solo climbing the route using a self-belay. As soon as the climber clips the rope into protection above the belay, the fall factor drops below 2.

</p><p>In falls occurring on a <a href="Via_ferrata" title="Via ferrata">via ferrata</a>, fall factors can be much higher. This is possible because the length of rope between the harness and the <a href="Carabiner" title="Carabiner">carabiner</a> is short and fixed, while the distance the climber can fall depends on the gaps between anchor points of the safety cable (i.e. the climber's <a href="Lanyard_(climbing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lanyard (climbing)">lanyard</a> will fall down the safety cable until it reaches an anchor point); to mitigate this, via ferrata climbers can use <a href="Energy_absorber_(climbing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy absorber (climbing)">energy absorbers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Derivation_and_impact_force">Derivation and impact force</h2></div>

<p>The impact force is defined as the maximum tension in the rope when a climber falls. We first state an equation for this quantity and describe its interpretation, and then show its derivation and how it can be put into a more convenient form.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Equation_for_the_impact_force_and_its_interpretation">Equation for the impact force and its interpretation</h3></div>

<p>When modeling the rope as an undamped <a href="Harmonic_oscillator" title="Harmonic oscillator">harmonic oscillator</a> (HO) the impact force <i>F<sub>max</sub></i> in the rope is given by:

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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F_{max}=mg+{\sqrt {(mg)^{2}+2mghk}},}</annotation>

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</math></span><img src="./f908122e3142c0be88b72fe54f76cab6a33a6434.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.671ex; width:32.775ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F_{max}=mg+{\sqrt {(mg)^{2}+2mghk}},}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>

<p>where <i>mg</i> is the climber's weight, <i>h</i> is the fall height and <i>k</i> is the spring constant of the portion of the rope that is in play.

</p><p>We will see below that when varying the height of the fall while keeping the fall factor fixed, the quantity <i>hk</i> stays constant.

</p><p>There are two factors of 2 involved in the interpretation of this equation. First, the maximum force on the top piece of protection is roughly 2<i>F<sub>max</sub></i>, since the two sides of the rope around that piece both pull downward with force <i>F<sub>max</sub></i> each.

Second, it may seem strange that even when <i>h=0</i>, we have <i>F<sub>max</sub></i>=2<i>mg</i> (so that the maximum force on the top piece is approximately 4<i>mg</i>). This is because a factor-zero fall is the sudden weighting of a slack rope with weight <i>mg</i>. The climber falls, picking up speed as the earth pulls them downward and, simultaneously, the rope stretches and pulls upward on them. The climber starts slowing down when the upward force generated by the stretching rope equals the gravitational force <i>mg</i>. They then keep moving downward because of their momentum but now they are slowing down, not speeding up. Eventually they come to a stop and at that instant the rope is at maximum tension pulling upward on the climber by a force of <i>2mg</i>. Because this upward force by the rope is more than the weight <i>mg</i> downward, the climber then yo-yo's up. The yo-yo'ing will eventually stop when the fall energy has all dissipated by frictional forces between (and within) the rope, the protection pieces and the harness.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Derivation_of_the_equation">Derivation of the equation</h3></div>

<p>Conservation of energy at rope's maximum elongation <i>x<sub>max</sub></i> gives

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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle mgh={\frac {1}{2}}kx_{max}^{2}-mgx_{max}\ ;\ F_{max}=kx_{max}.}</annotation>

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</math></span><img src="./5e6918c94f10a3422f0e067351e09b3da66bdb16.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:43.375ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle mgh={\frac {1}{2}}kx_{max}^{2}-mgx_{max}\ ;\ F_{max}=kx_{max}.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>

<p>The maximum force on the climber is <i>F<sub>max</sub>-mg</i>. It is convenient to express things in terms of the <a href="Elastic_modulus" title="Elastic modulus">elastic modulus</a> <i>E</i> = <i>k L/q</i> which is a property of the material that the rope is constructed from. Here <i>L</i> is the rope's length and <i>q</i> its cross-sectional area. Solution of the quadratic gives

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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F_{max}=mg+{\sqrt {(mg)^{2}+2mgEqf}}.}</annotation>

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</math></span><img src="./0c972b95f8dd66397d8e84f2af22fdb1a2b87323.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.671ex; width:34.348ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F_{max}=mg+{\sqrt {(mg)^{2}+2mgEqf}}.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>

<p>Other than fixed properties of the system, this form of the equation shows that the impact force depends only on the fall factor.

</p><p>Using the HO model to obtain the impact force of real climbing ropes as a function of fall height <i>h</i> and climber's weight <i>mg</i>, one must know the experimental value for <i>E</i> of a given rope. However, rope manufacturers give only the rope’s impact force <i>F<sub>0</sub></i> and its static and dynamic elongations that are measured under standard <a href="UIAA" class="mw-redirect" title="UIAA">UIAA</a> fall conditions: A fall height <i>h<sub>0</sub></i> of 2 × 2.3 m with an available rope length <i>L<sub>0</sub></i> = 2.6m leads to a fall factor <i>f<sub>0</sub></i> = <i>h<sub>0</sub>/L<sub>0</sub></i> = 1.77 and a fall velocity <i>v<sub>0</sub></i> = (<i>2gh<sub>0</sub></i>)<sup>1/2</sup> = 9.5 m/s at the end of falling the distance <i>h<sub>0</sub></i>. The mass <i>m<sub>0</sub></i> used in the fall is 80 kg. Using these values to eliminate the unknown quantity <i>E</i> leads to an expression of the impact force as a function of arbitrary fall heights <i>h</i>, arbitrary fall factors <i>f</i>, and arbitrary gravity <i>g</i> of the form:

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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F_{max}=mg+{\sqrt {(mg)^{2}+F_{0}(F_{0}-2m_{0}g_{0}){\frac {m}{m_{0}}}{\frac {g}{g_{0}}}{\frac {f}{f_{0}}}}}}</annotation>

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</math></span><img src="./f5416ab4c343d98bf03ba7e52b3417a8633e0a1e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:51.386ex; height:7.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F_{max}=mg+{\sqrt {(mg)^{2}+F_{0}(F_{0}-2m_{0}g_{0}){\frac {m}{m_{0}}}{\frac {g}{g_{0}}}{\frac {f}{f_{0}}}}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>

<p>Note that keeping <i>g</i><sub>0</sub> from the derivation of "<i>Eq</i>" based on UIAA test into the above <i>F<sub>max</sub></i> formula assures that the transformation will continue to be valid for different gravity fields, as over a slope making less than 90 degrees with the horizontal. This simple undamped harmonic oscillator model of a rope, however, does not correctly describe the entire fall process of real ropes. Accurate measurements on the behaviour of a climbing rope during the entire fall can be explained if the undamped harmonic oscillator is complemented by a non-linear term up to the maximum impact force, and then, near the maximum force in the rope, internal friction in the rope is added that ensures the rapid relaxation of the rope to its rest position.<sup id="cite_ref-leuthaeusser_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leuthaeusser-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effect_of_friction">Effect of friction</h3></div>

<p>When the rope is clipped into several carabiners between the climber and the <a href="Belayer" class="mw-redirect" title="Belayer">belayer</a>, an additional type of friction occurs, the so-called dry <a href="Friction" title="Friction">friction</a> between the rope and particularly the last clipped carabiner. "Dry" friction (i.e., a frictional force that is velocity-independent) leads to an effective rope length smaller than the available length <i>L</i> and thus increases the impact force.<sup id="cite_ref-uleuthaeusser_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uleuthaeusser-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<ul><li><a href="Whipper" class="mw-redirect" title="Whipper">Whipper</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFDavies2017" class="citation web cs1">Davies, Carey (July 16, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thebmc.co.uk/get-into-via-ferrata-the-gear">"Get into via ferrata: the gear"</a>. <i>www.thebmc.co.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-02-16</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-leuthaeusser-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-leuthaeusser_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLeuthäusser,_Ulrich2016" class="citation journal cs1">Leuthäusser, Ulrich (June 17, 2016). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sigmadewe.com/bergsportphysik.html?&L=1">"The physics of a climbing rope under a heavy dynamic load"</a></span>. <i>Journal of SPORTS ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY</i>. <b>231</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">125–</span>135. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1754337116651184">10.1177/1754337116651184</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-06-29</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-uleuthaeusser-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-uleuthaeusser_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leuthäusser, Ulrich (2011):<cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sigmadewe.com/fileadmin/user_upload/pdf-Dateien/Physics_of_climbing_ropes_Part_2.pdf?&L=1">"Physics of climbing ropes: impact forces, fall factors and rope drag"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-01-15</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFGoldstone2006" class="citation web cs1">Goldstone, Richard (December 27, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120214005315/http://www.rockclimbing.com/cgi-bin/forum/gforum.cgi?do=post_attachment;postatt_id=746">"The Standard Equation for Impact Force"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rockclimbing.com/cgi-bin/forum/gforum.cgi?do=post_attachment;postatt_id=746">the original</a> on 2012-02-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-04-17</span></span>.</cite></li></ul>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFBusch" class="citation web cs1">Busch, Wayne. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.southeastclimbing.com/faq/faq_fall_factor.htm">"Climbing Physics - Understanding Fall Factors"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-06-14</span></span>.</cite></li></ul>

<ul><li><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ukclimbing.com/articles/page.php?id=647">"UKC - Understanding fall factors"</a>. 19 November 2007.</cite></li></ul>

<ul><li><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vcalc.com/app/equations/force_impact_fall">"Rock Climbing Fall Impact Force"</a>. <i>Contains full derivation of equation in Notes</i>. vCalc. 2014-04-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-04-11</span></span>.</cite></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Climbing419" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Climbing" title="Climbing">Climbing</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Rock_climbing" title="Rock climbing">Rock climbing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Rock_climbing#Types_of_rock_climbing" title="Rock climbing">Disciplines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Multi-pitch_climbing" title="Multi-pitch climbing">Multi-pitch</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Bouldering" title="Bouldering">Bouldering</a>

<ul><li><a href="Bouldering#Highball_bouldering" title="Bouldering">Highball</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Competition_climbing" title="Competition climbing">Competition</a>

<ul><li><a href="Speed_climbing" title="Speed climbing">Speed</a></li></ul></li>

<ul><li><a href="Sport_climbing" title="Sport climbing">Sport</a></li>

<li><a href="Traditional_climbing" title="Traditional climbing">Traditional</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Deep-water_soloing" title="Deep-water soloing">Deep-water solo</a></li>

<li><a href="Top_rope_climbing" title="Top rope climbing">Top roping</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Rock_climbing#Types_of_routes" title="Rock climbing">Route types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Climbing_wall" title="Climbing wall">Artificial</a></li>

<li><a href="Crack_climbing" title="Crack climbing">Crack</a></li>

<li><a href="Overhang_(climbing)" title="Overhang (climbing)">Overhang / Roof</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Mountaineering" title="Mountaineering">Mountaineering</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Alpine_climbing" title="Alpine climbing">Alpine</a>

<ul><li><a href="Glacier_travel" title="Glacier travel">Glacier travel</a></li>

<li><a href="Via_ferrata" title="Via ferrata">Via ferrata</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Eight-thousander" title="Eight-thousander">Himalayan</a>

<ul><li><a href="Alpine_style" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpine style">Alpine style</a></li>

<li><a href="Expedition_climbing" title="Expedition climbing">Expedition style</a></li></ul></li>

<ul><li><a href="Mixed_climbing" title="Mixed climbing">Mixed</a></li>

<li><a href="Dry-tooling" title="Dry-tooling">Dry-tooling</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Scrambling" title="Scrambling">Scrambling</a>

<ul><li><a href="Hillwalking" class="mw-redirect" title="Hillwalking">Hillwalking</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Buildering" title="Buildering">Buildering</a></li>

<li><a href="Canyoning" title="Canyoning">Canyoning</a></li>

<li><a href="Crane_climbing" title="Crane climbing">Crane</a></li>

<li><a href="Grass_climbing" title="Grass climbing">Grass</a></li>

<li><a href="Rope_access" title="Rope access">Commercial</a></li>

<li><a href="Parkour" title="Parkour">Parkour</a></li>

<li><a href="Ropes_course" title="Ropes course">Ropes course</a></li>

<li><a href="Rooftopping" title="Rooftopping">Rooftopping</a></li>

<li><a href="Roof_and_tunnel_hacking" title="Roof and tunnel hacking">Roof and tunnel hacking</a></li>

<li><a href="Slide_Climbing" class="mw-redirect" title="Slide Climbing">Slide</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_alpine_clubs" title="List of alpine clubs">Alpine clubs</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_climbers_and_mountaineers" title="List of climbers and mountaineers">Climbers</a>

<ul><li><a href="Piolet_d'Or" class="mw-redirect" title="Piolet d'Or">Piolet d'Or winners</a></li>

<li><a href="IFSC_Climbing_World_Cup" title="IFSC Climbing World Cup">IFSC World Cup winners</a></li>

<li><a href="IFSC_Climbing_World_Championships" title="IFSC Climbing World Championships">IFSC World Championships winners</a></li>

<li><a href="Ranking_of_career_IFSC_victories_by_climber" title="Ranking of career IFSC victories by climber">IFSC victories</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Deaths

<ul><li><a href="List_of_deaths_on_eight-thousanders" title="List of deaths on eight-thousanders">Eight-thousanders</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_people_who_died_climbing_Mount_Everest" title="List of people who died climbing Mount Everest">Everest</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Climbing_equipment" title="Climbing equipment">Equipment</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_climbing_and_mountaineering_equipment_brands" title="List of climbing and mountaineering equipment brands">Brands</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_climbing_knots" title="List of climbing knots">Knots</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="History_of_rock_climbing" title="History of rock climbing">Historical events</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_grade_milestones_in_rock_climbing" title="List of grade milestones in rock climbing">Grade milestones</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_first_ascents_of_mountain_summits" title="List of first ascents of mountain summits">First ascents</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Climbing_technique" title="Climbing technique">Technique</a></li>

<li><a href="Glossary_of_climbing_terms" title="Glossary of climbing terms">Terminology</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terminology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Climbing_equipment" title="Climbing equipment">Equipment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Rock-climbing_equipment" title="Rock-climbing equipment">Rock</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Aider" class="mw-redirect" title="Aider">Aider</a>

<ul><li><a href="Daisy_chain_(climbing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Daisy chain (climbing)">Daisy chain</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Anchor_(climbing)" title="Anchor (climbing)">Anchor</a></li>

<li><a href="Ascender_(climbing)" title="Ascender (climbing)">Ascender</a>

<ul><li><a href="Petzl_Croll" title="Petzl Croll">Croll</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Belay_device" title="Belay device">Belay device</a>

<ul><li><a href="Auto_belay" title="Auto belay">Auto belay</a></li>

<li>Assisted braking device

<ul><li><a href="Grigri" class="mw-redirect" title="Grigri">Grigri</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Belay_glasses" title="Belay glasses">Glasses</a></li>

<li><a href="Belay_gloves" class="mw-redirect" title="Belay gloves">Gloves</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Bouldering_mat" title="Bouldering mat">Boulder mat</a></li>

<li><a href="Carabiner" title="Carabiner">Carabiner</a>

<ul><li><a href="Maillon" title="Maillon">Maillon</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Climbing_rope" title="Climbing rope">Climbing rope</a>

<li><a href="Dynamic_rope" title="Dynamic rope">Dynamic</a></li>

<li><a href="Static_rope" title="Static rope">Static</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Liquid_chalk" title="Liquid chalk">Chalk</a></li>

<li><a href="Descender_(climbing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Descender (climbing)">Descenders</a>

<ul><li><a href="Figure_8_(climbing)" title="Figure 8 (climbing)">Figure-8</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Climbing_harness" title="Climbing harness">Harness</a></li>

<li><a href="Hook_(climbing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hook (climbing)">Hooks</a>

<li><a href="Skyhook_(climbing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Skyhook (climbing)">Skyhook</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Rock_climbing_hammer" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock climbing hammer">Hammer</a></li>

<li><a href="Lanyard_(climbing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lanyard (climbing)">Lanyard</a>

<ul><li><a href="Copperhead_(climbing)" title="Copperhead (climbing)">Copperhead</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Piton" title="Piton">Piton</a></li>

<li><a href="Portaledge" title="Portaledge">Portaledge</a></li>

<li><a href="Quickdraw" title="Quickdraw">Quickdraw</a></li>

<li><a href="Sling_(climbing_equipment)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sling (climbing equipment)">Sling</a></li>

<li><a href="Spring-loaded_camming_device" title="Spring-loaded camming device">SLCDs</a>

<ul><li><a href="Camalot" title="Camalot">Camalot</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Climbing_shoe" title="Climbing shoe">Shoes</a></li>

<li><a href="Tricam" title="Tricam">Tricam</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Ice_climbing#Equipment" title="Ice climbing">Ice and snow</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Alpenstock" title="Alpenstock">Alpenstock</a></li>

<li><a href="Abalakov_thread" title="Abalakov thread">Abalakov thread</a></li>

<li><a href="Bottled_oxygen_(climbing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bottled oxygen (climbing)">Bottled oxygen</a></li>

<li><a href="Crampons" class="mw-redirect" title="Crampons">Crampons</a></li>

<li><a href="Ice_screw" title="Ice screw">Ice screw</a></li>

<li><a href="Mountaineering_boot" title="Mountaineering boot">Mountaineering boot</a></li>

<li>Rescue

<ul><li><a href="Avalanche_cord" title="Avalanche cord">Avalanche cord</a></li>

<li><a href="RECCO" title="RECCO">RECCO</a></li>

<li><a href="Avalanche_transceiver" title="Avalanche transceiver">Transeiver</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Snow_anchor" title="Snow anchor">Snow anchor</a></li>

<li><a href="Snowshoe" title="Snowshoe">Snowshoe</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Action</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Abseiling" title="Abseiling">Abseiling</a>

<ul><li><a href="Australian_rappel" title="Australian rappel">Australian</a></li>

<li><a href="D%C3%BClfersitz" title="Dülfersitz">Dülfersitz</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Belaying" title="Belaying">Belaying</a></li>

<li><a href="Front_pointing" title="Front pointing">Front pointing</a></li>

<li><a href="Glissade_(climbing)" title="Glissade (climbing)">Glissading</a></li>

<li><a href="Fixed_rope" title="Fixed rope">Jumaring</a></li>

<li><a href="Lead_climbing" title="Lead climbing">Leading</a>

<ul><li><a href="Flash_(climbing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flash (climbing)">Flashing</a></li>

<li><a href="Onsight" class="mw-redirect" title="Onsight">Onsighting</a></li>

<li><a href="Redpoint_(climbing)" title="Redpoint (climbing)">Redpointing</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Mountain_rescue" title="Mountain rescue">Rescue</a>

<ul><li><a href="Crevasse_rescue" title="Crevasse rescue">Crevasse</a></li>

<li><a href="Self-arrest" title="Self-arrest">Self-arrest</a></li>

<li><a href="Simul-climbing" title="Simul-climbing">Simul-climbing</a>

<li><a href="Spotting_(climbing)" title="Spotting (climbing)">Spotting</a></li>

<li><a href="Traverse_(climbing)" title="Traverse (climbing)">Traversing</a>

<ul><li><a href="Tyrolean_traverse" title="Tyrolean traverse">Tyrolean</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ape_index" title="Ape index">Ape index</a></li>

<li><a href="Approach_shoe" title="Approach shoe">Approach shoe</a></li>

<li><a href="Clean_climbing" title="Clean climbing">Clean</a></li>

<li><a href="Climbing_route" title="Climbing route">Climbing route</a>

<li><a href="Climbing_guidebook" title="Climbing guidebook">Guidebook</a></li>

<li><a href="Chipping_(climbing)" title="Chipping (climbing)">Chipping</a></li>

<li><a href="First_ascent" title="First ascent">First ascent</a></li>

<li><a href="Pitch_(climbing)" title="Pitch (climbing)">Pitch</a></li>

<li><a href="Exposure_(heights)" title="Exposure (heights)">Exposure</a></li>

<li><a href="Grade_(climbing)" title="Grade (climbing)">Grades</a></li>

<li><a href="Mountain_guide" title="Mountain guide">Guides</a></li>

<li>Training

<ul><li><a href="Bachar_ladder" title="Bachar ladder">Bachar ladder</a></li>

<li><a href="Campus_board" title="Campus board">Campus board</a></li>

<li><a href="Hangboard" class="mw-redirect" title="Hangboard">Hangboard</a></li>

<li><a href="MoonBoard" class="mw-redirect" title="MoonBoard">MoonBoard</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Magazines and journals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Alpine_Journal" title="Alpine Journal">Alpine Journal</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Alpinist_(magazine)" title="Alpinist (magazine)">Alpinist</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="American_Alpine_Journal" title="American Alpine Journal">American Alpine Journal</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Canadian_Alpine_Journal" title="Canadian Alpine Journal">Canadian Alpine Journal</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Climbing_(magazine)" title="Climbing (magazine)">Climbing</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Desnivel" title="Desnivel">Desnivel</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Himalayan_Journal" title="Himalayan Journal">Himalayan Journal</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Planinski_Vestnik" title="Planinski Vestnik">Planinski Vestnik</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Summit_(magazine)" title="Summit (magazine)">Summit</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-fiction films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="The_Alpinist" title="The Alpinist">The Alpinist</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="El_Capitan_(film)" title="El Capitan (film)">El Capitan</a></i></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Black_Diamond_Equipment" title="Black Diamond Equipment">Black Diamond</a></li>

<li><a href="Cascade_Designs" title="Cascade Designs">Cascade Designs</a></li>

<li><a href="Deuter_Sport" title="Deuter Sport">Deuter</a></li>

<li><a href="Early_Winters_(company)" title="Early Winters (company)">Early Winters</a></li>

<li><a href="Eastern_Mountain_Sports" title="Eastern Mountain Sports">Eastern Mountain Sports</a></li>

<li><a href="Frostline_Kits" title="Frostline Kits">Frostline Kits</a></li>

<li><a href="Gerry_(company)" title="Gerry (company)">GERRY Mountain Sports</a></li>

<li><a href="Grivel_(company)" title="Grivel (company)">Grivel</a></li>

<li><a href="Holubar_Mountaineering" title="Holubar Mountaineering">Holubar Mountaineering</a></li>

<li><a href="JanSport" title="JanSport">JanSport</a></li>

<li><a href="Kellwood_Company" title="Kellwood Company">Sierra Designs</a></li>

<li><a href="Kelty_(company)" title="Kelty (company)">Kelty</a></li>

<li><a href="La_Sportiva" title="La Sportiva">La Sportiva</a></li>

<li><a href="Lowe_Alpine" title="Lowe Alpine">Lowe Alpine</a></li>

<li><a href="Mammut_Sports_Group" title="Mammut Sports Group">Mammut</a></li>

<li><a href="Marmot_(company)" title="Marmot (company)">Marmot Mountain Works</a></li>

<li><a href="Millet_(manufacturer)" title="Millet (manufacturer)">Millet</a></li>

<li><a href="Mountain_Equipment_Co-op" title="Mountain Equipment Co-op">Mountain Equipment Co-op</a></li>

<li><a href="Mountain_Safety_Research" title="Mountain Safety Research">Mountain Safety Research</a></li>

<li><a href="Outdoor_Research" title="Outdoor Research">Outdoor Research</a></li>

<li><a href="Patagonia%2C_Inc." title="Patagonia, Inc.">Patagonia</a></li>

<li><a href="Petzl" title="Petzl">Petzl</a></li>

<li><a href="The_North_Face" title="The North Face">The North Face</a></li>

<li><a href="Therm-a-Rest" title="Therm-a-Rest">Therm-a-Rest</a></li>

<li><a href="Wild_Country_(company)" title="Wild Country (company)">Wild Country</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Climbing_clubs" class="mw-redirect" title="Climbing clubs">National</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="The_Access_Fund" title="The Access Fund">Access Fund</a></li>

<li><a href="Alpine_Club_(UK)" title="Alpine Club (UK)">Alpine Club</a></li>

<li><a href="Alpine_Club_of_Canada" title="Alpine Club of Canada">Alpine Club of Canada</a></li>

<li><a href="American_Alpine_Club" title="American Alpine Club">American Alpine Club</a></li>

<li><a href="Appalachian_Mountain_Club" title="Appalachian Mountain Club">Appalachian Mountain Club</a></li>

<li><a href="Austrian_Alpine_Club" title="Austrian Alpine Club">Austrian Alpine Club</a></li>

<li><a href="British_Mountaineering_Council" title="British Mountaineering Council">British Mountaineering Council</a></li>

<li><a href="Club_Alpin_Fran%C3%A7ais" class="mw-redirect" title="Club Alpin Français">Club Alpin Français</a></li>

<li><a href="Club_Alpino_Italiano" title="Club Alpino Italiano">Club Alpino Italiano</a></li>

<li><a href="Federaci%C3%B3n_Espa%C3%B1ola_de_Deportes_de_Monta%C3%B1a_y_Escalada" class="mw-redirect" title="Federación Española de Deportes de Montaña y Escalada">Federación Española de Deportes de Montaña y Escalada</a></li>

<li><a href="F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_fran%C3%A7aise_de_la_montagne_et_de_l'escalade" class="mw-redirect" title="Fédération française de la montagne et de l'escalade">Fédération française de la montagne et de l'escalade</a></li>

<li><a href="German_Alpine_Club" title="German Alpine Club">German Alpine Club</a></li>

<li><a href="Pilipinas_Climbing" title="Pilipinas Climbing">Pilipinas Climbing</a></li>

<li><a href="South_African_National_Climbing_Federation" title="South African National Climbing Federation">South African Climbing Federation</a></li>

<li><a href="South_Tyrol_Alpine_Club" title="South Tyrol Alpine Club">South Tyrol Alpine Club</a></li>

<li><a href="Swiss_Alpine_Club" title="Swiss Alpine Club">Swiss Alpine Club</a></li>

<li><a href="USA_Climbing" title="USA Climbing">USA Climbing</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="International_Federation_of_Sport_Climbing" title="International Federation of Sport Climbing">International Federation of Sport Climbing</a> (IFSC)</li>

<li><a href="International_Climbing_and_Mountaineering_Federation" title="International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation">International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation</a> (UIAA)</li>

<li><a href="UIAGM" class="mw-redirect" title="UIAGM">Union Internationale des Associations de Guides de Montagnes</a> (UIAGM)</li>

<li><a href="Union_of_International_Mountain_Leader_Associations" title="Union of International Mountain Leader Associations">Union of International Mountain Leader Associations</a> (UIMLA)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> <b>Category</b></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Climbing" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Climbing">Commons</a></b></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"></span></span> <b>WikiProject</b></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-27" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Fall_factor&oldid=1302749955">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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